On the occasion of the 77th Army Day, South Asia Defence & Strategic Review (defstrat.com) had the privilege of conducting an engaging Q&A session with General Upendra Dwivedi, PVSM AVSM, Chief of the Army Staff, India. In this candid and comprehensive interview, the COAS shared deep insights, making this one of the most detailed exchanges we have ever presented to our readers.

Defstrat. Modernisation in focus, how is the Indian Army working towards modernisation, and what steps are being taken to reinforce self-reliance in defence manufacturing?

COAS: Our motto, ‘Swadeshikaran se Sashaktikaran,’ reflects our unwavering commitment to empowerment through indigenisation. The Indian Army’s force modernisation and capability development efforts are progressing steadily, with a strong emphasis on integrating cutting-edge technologies to enhance operational effectiveness. We play a pivotal role in the conceptualisation, fructification, absorption, exploitation, sustenance and disposal of technologies. Supporting indigenous research and development (R&D) and fostering the spiral production of modern warfighting systems is not just a priority but a strategic necessity, as dependency on imports is not an option.

Our focus on indigenous procurement is resolute. Two defence corridors–one each in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu–have been earmarked to boost domestic defence production. The Indian Army is actively supporting over 13,000 MSMEs and more than 1,000 startups, driving innovation and self-reliance. As a nation, we have achieved defence exports worth `21,000 crores and have domestically produced defence equipment valued at `1.27 lakh crores. Of the Positive Indigenisation List items published by the Ministry of Defence, 35% pertain to the Indian Army, and 85% of our capital expenditure has been directed toward indigenous industries. Furthermore, we have engaged with the domestic industry in over 439 projects involving 551 companies, demonstrating our commitment to fostering a robust defence manufacturing ecosystem.

Over the last four financial years, 158 Capital Acquisition contracts worth `70,028 crore have been concluded, of which 144 contracts (97.3%) worth `68,121 crore were signed with Indian vendors. In 2024, 16 contracts were finalised, 14 of which involve Indian industries, enhancing capabilities in areas like small arms, long-range vectors, communication systems, and remotely piloted aerial systems.

Additionally, 96% of the total Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) accorded between FY 2022-24 has been granted to indigenous defence industry. In 2024 alone, 23 AoNs worth `1.22 lakh crore have been approved, with 21 AoNs (98%) worth `1.19 lakh crore dedicated to Indian companies.

In ammunition procurement, we are committed to establishing at least one indigenous source for all types of ammunition under the ‘Manufacture of Ammunition for Indian Army by Indian Industry’ program. Through this effort, 154 of 175 ammunition variants (88%) have already been indigenised. This has seen a jump from 58% to 88% in last four years.

Since it is not feasible for us at this stage to expect 100% indigenous defence procurement, we intend to import only niche technology equipment not available inhouse and progress slowly towards complete self-reliance.

Defstrat: On the transformation journey, could you outline the pivotal goals of the Indian Army’s ‘Decade of Transformation’ initiative?

COAS:  The transformation process of the Indian Army is focused on creating a modern, agile, adaptive, technology-enabled, and self-reliant future-ready force.

Aligned with the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047, the Department of Military Affairs has issued comprehensive guidelines for the three services. As per these guidelines, the journey toward 2047 will be divided into three distinct phases, ensuring a structured and progressive approach to achieving the envisioned objectives.

Phase-I from 2024 to 2027 will be observed as era of transition, Phase- II from 2027 to 2037 will be observed as era of consolidation and Phase- III from 2037 to 2047 will be observed as era of control. Aligned with the DMA’s guidelines Indian Army’s roadmap will involve Phase-I from 2023 to 2032, which we are observing as Decade of Transformation. Phase-II will be from 2032 to 2037 and Phase-III will be from 2037 to 2047.

The drivers for the “Decade of Transformation” which began in 2023 are the changing character of war, cumulative presence of five generations of warfare, Two and half front security challenges and the predominant Grey zone warfare. The decade of transformation is progressed under five pillars.

Pillar 1: Jointness and Integration – India’s unique threat spectrum demands interoperability in a multi-domain operational environment, necessitating a unified and integrated response from the armed forces. To address these requirements, Integrated Theatre Commands with distinct Force Generation and Force Application components tailored to national needs will be established.

Jointness and integration initiatives are aligned across eight core domains, reflecting a cohesive approach to enhancing operational efficiency. Notable achievements include the establishment of Joint Logistic Nodes and the use of shared operational bases, ensuring resource optimisation. Additionally, efforts to integrate with Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs), particularly in the Northeast, are underway to strengthen coordination and operational synergy.

Pillar 2: Force Restructuring – A review of structures to facilitate unfolding of an ‘Era of Integrated Approach’ with integration at all levels for timely application of force is under progress. New tailor-made structures/ organisations are being formulated to improve agility and effectiveness, mitigate adhocism, offset infrastructure asymmetry and enhance role in the DIME paradigm.

Pillar 3: Modernisation & Technology Infusion – Capability development in terms of weapons, systems, equipment and logistics. Enhancing battle field situational awareness with focused efforts for long range precision capabilities, secured communication, electronic warfare, air defence and cyber security are in progress. Development of incubation centres for various technologies at command level besides investments in R&D. Pillar focusses on shaping and enabling techno warriors and commanders.

Pillar 4:  Systems, Processes, and Functions – Bringing change in organisational culture, by identifying the pressure points, prioritising, encouraging thought leaders with shared values and beliefs. The digitized, networked, automated and in-house solutions to meet functional, operational and Human Resource requirements are being progressed. In addition, to improve lateral communication and learning of Indian Army personnel, deputation exposures are also being planned under this pillar.

Pillar 5: Human Resource Management – The review of existing policies and reforms under this pillar focuses on key areas such as recruitment, manpower planning, career management, welfare of personnel, including veterans and their families, leadership development, and training. Initiatives like the Agnipath Scheme have been introduced to ensure the availability of cutting-edge manpower for the force. Efforts are also being progressively made to enhance the role of women in both officer and other ranks.

The transformation process is multi-faceted, aiming to equip the Indian Army to effectively address future security challenges while contributing significantly to India’s vision of becoming a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047.

Defstrat: Assessing critical readiness, what is your assessment of the Indian Army’s operational preparedness along key strategic frontiers, including the LAC, LOC, and Jammu & Kashmir?

COAS: Indian Army’s mandate is to safeguard national interest from external aggression and internal subversion. We have two unsettled borders with China and Pakistan. The Indian Army maintains a high state of operational preparedness, ensuring stability and dominance across all fronts, including the LAC and the LC.

The situation along the Line of Control (LC) remains peaceful, adhering to the DGsMO understandings of February 2021. However, the Indian Army remains vigilant and fully prepared to address any escalation. In Jammu and Kashmir, the security scenario has significantly improved since the abrogation of Article 370, despite occasional spikes in violence in the hinterland. This progress is attributed to relentless, coordinated efforts with all security agencies for counter-terrorism operations and close monitoring of the region, ensuring enhanced stability and security.

Along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), the situation remains stable but sensitive. After prolonged diplomatic and military negotiations, a broad consensus was reached on October 21, 2024, to restore the ground situation based on the principles of Equal and Mutual Security. This agreement includes the disengagement and relocation of troops from friction points like Depsang and Demchok, followed by joint verification. Blocking positions have been removed, and traditional patrolling activities have resumed in these areas, marking significant progress toward stability. Our deployment remains balanced and robust, ensuring readiness to address any unforeseen contingencies.

Grey Zone actions and aggression by our adversaries is manifesting across multiple domains, including the military. Proxy war is one such kinetic manifestation that we have been combating for many years now. We are augmenting our capacities, reinforcing our safeguards and shaping required structures to deal with this threat, both in kinetic and non-kinetic domains.

For combat and logistics support, we are working as per the capability development roadmap prepared by the Indian Army.

Our endeavour is to become a Future Ready Force on the edifice of Atmanirbharta. It will remain as a trained, well equipped, combat hardened, well-prepared force. Our operational preparedness reflects the Indian Army’s unwavering commitment to national security, ensuring we remain ready to address any challenge across all domains.

Defstrat: Following border talks, what measures are being planned to ensure sustainable border security in light of recent India-China border dialogue advancements?

COAS: As far as Northern borders and progress in India- China border talks are concerned, our aim to maintain Peace and tranquillity in the border areas, and seek to resolve differences with an aim to facilitate border resolution process. Notwithstanding, Indian Army is maintaining highest state of operational preparedness to meet any contingency. There is a need to engage the Chinese side, and keep diplomatic and military channels of communication open.

The situation on the LAC has been constantly improving and the friction areas of 2020 have been resolved. The agreement reached on 21st October 2024 has led to a significant development in the region, with the disengagement of forces previously deployed in close proximity. Following this, patrolling has resumed at traditional points, and grazing rights have been restored in Demchok, which is a positive step for border management in Ladakh.

Additionally, the recent meetings between the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC) on 5th December 2024, followed by the Strategic Relations (SR) talks in Beijing on 18th December 2024 after a gap of five years, have further strengthened the dialogue process. These engagements have fostered greater flexibility and confidence between the two sides, enabling the identification and resolution of other friction points in an effort to enhance peace and stability, and work towards the resolution of border issues.

We are continuously evaluating the situation, with infrastructure and strategic capabilities playing a key role in shaping our deployment strategy. Any adjustments will be considered based on thorough assessments, indications, and assurances.

Defstrat: With Pakistan’s evolving dynamics, to what extent does Pakistan’s internal situation impact India’s preparedness on the western front, and how is the Army mitigating related challenges?

COAS: The Indian Army remains acutely aware of and alert to developments within Pakistan’s security establishment. Regardless of Pakistan’s internal conditions, the country continues to be inclined towards fomenting terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir. However, the Indian Army is fully prepared to combat terrorism within J&K and maintain a state of alertness along the western front.

Our operational plans are dynamic and are updated continuously based on emerging scenarios, supported by a flexible organisational structure and a philosophy of empowerment/delegation to effectively counter any challenges.

The increasing internal instability in Pakistan—stemming from political turmoil, economic difficulties, and rising extremist violence—has direct implications for India’s security. Such internal unrest is likely to result in a surge in terrorism, which, in turn, increases the risk of cross-border terrorism targeting India. As these conditions worsen, there is a higher likelihood of terrorist groups operating from Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir (POJK) being emboldened.

Furthermore, Pakistan’s political and military leadership may attempt to escalate cross-border terrorism along the Working Boundary (WB), especially in Jammu and Kashmir, to divert attention from their internal crises. This strategy could potentially lead to an uptick in attempts to infiltrate and carry out terrorist activities within India.

While large-scale immigration is not anticipated, the likelihood of terrorists attempting to sneak across the International Border (IB) remains a concern. Additionally, cross-border smuggling—especially of narcotics and wildlife smuggling—may increase, with the growing use of drones for such illegal activities.

To counter Pakistan’s increasing use of technology in hybrid warfare, including drone-based narcotics and terrorism smuggling, the deployment of Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (C-UAS) along both the LC and IB are enhanced for surveillance and anti-drone operations.

The anti-infiltration grid is further strengthened by the accretion forces and with infusion of technology.

The Indian Army remains vigilant and prepared. It will continue to play a key role in safeguarding India’s borders and ensuring security along all the fronts.

Defstrat: How is the situation evolving along the Bangladesh border, and what steps are being taken to deal with threats due to recent developments in Bangladesh?

COAS: Bangladesh is strategically important to us and the same is true vice versa. The Chief of the Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army also stated the same a few days back.

Our military-to-military relations with Bangladesh are good, and the three Indian Services Chiefs are in communication with their Bangladeshi counterparts. As and when the situation improves, we will shift our focus on reinvigorating alumni ties with the senior military officers of the Bangladesh Army.

The Indo-Bangladesh border, spanning approximately 4096 km traverses five Indian states, represents a critical component of India’s strategic security framework. Presently, the situation on India Bangladesh Border is stable and incident free. It is safeguarded through an integrated security apparatus underpinned by biometric regulation, deployment of BSF battalions on ground and robust infrastructure including high security fencing. The Indian Army plays a pivotal role in overseeing overall security in the region, assessing potential spillover effects from developments within Bangladesh and prophylactically addressing emerging challenges. This cohesive approach ensures that all security elements operate in synergy to address national security concerns and underscores the commitment to a secure, resilient and harmonious environment along the Indo-Bangladesh Border.

Its management necessitates a synergistic whole of government approach. The security apparatus along the border operates with a unified focus on effective surveillance, enforcement and security measures which is well poised to prevent any unauthorised entry/ exit through the India Bangladesh Border.

The current security apparatus has ensured no spillover of the violent turmoil ongoing in the hinterland in Bangladesh. The initiatives are underway to further fortify the border by incorporating border fence and deployment of advanced surveillance technologies to prevent illegal immigration. By a collaborative approach with the Bangladesh Border guarding apparatus, the nation aims to maintain peace and stability in this critical border region.

Defstrat: Balancing responsibilities, how does the Indian Army balance its dual responsibilities of maintaining internal security and preparing for external threats?

COAS: The Indian Army is mandated to assist in internal security situations when called upon and remains fully prepared to respond effectively. The IA strikes a balance between its primary responsibility of defending India’s borders and its internal security obligations, particularly in sensitive regions like Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) and the North East (NER). This balance is achieved through a comprehensive strategic framework that integrates dynamic threat analysis, resource allocation and technology, ensuring that the Army is always prepared to address evolving security challenges in a timely and effective manner.

The Army’s approach is multifaceted, combining strategic planning, flexible deployment, and continuous modernisation efforts. In regions like J&K and the North East, the Army ensures that specialised units such as the Rashtriya Rifles (RR) and Assam Rifles (AR) are tasked with internal security duties, while Infantry formations are prepared for both internal security roles and external threats in the event of conventional conflicts. This dual-role deployment ensures that the Army is ready to respond to both internal security challenges and external defence needs without compromising either responsibility.

The Indian Army’s resource allocation and operational planning are iterative processes, continuously adapting to the changing security dynamics through long-term strategic assessments. Specialised training for troops, the establishment of dedicated units, and systematic modernisation initiatives ensure the seamless execution of these dual responsibilities. This approach also emphasises collaboration, with the Indian Army working closely with civil administration, Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF), and local communities. Such coordination fosters trust, enhances development efforts, and ensures operational synergy, particularly in remote and frontier areas.

A key component of the IA’s strategy is its adoption of emerging technologies. Advanced surveillance systems, artificial intelligence-driven decision-making tools, and real-time intelligence networks are all leveraged to improve the efficiency and proactivity of the Army’s response to both internal security threats and conventional conflicts. The Army is also prepared to engage in rescue operations and provide humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) as needed.

In addition to counter-terrorism (CT) tasks, the Indian Army is constantly preparing for a broad range of potential contingencies. This includes its continued commitment to safeguarding the nation by maintaining peace, stability, and operational readiness across all fronts, ensuring the security of India’s borders and its internal regions alike.

The Indian Army’s ability to balance its responsibilities for defending the nation’s borders while managing internal security operations in sensitive regions underscores its strategic flexibility and operational readiness. Through a blend of strategic planning, operational adaptability, and technological advancements, the Army remains prepared to safeguard the nation against all threats, both external and internal.

Defstrat: Adapting to hybrid warfare, what strategies are in place to counter hybrid warfare to maintain an edge in operations?

COAS: The Indian Army’s readiness to counter asymmetric and hybrid warfare in regions such as Jammu & Kashmir and the Northeast is shaped by a comprehensive DIME (Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic) approach. This strategy integrates conventional military strength, unconventional tactics, advanced technologies, and close collaboration with civil agencies.

The Army’s operations are centred on adaptability, modernisation, and strategic foresight, enabling it to effectively counter evolving threats and ensure stability in these sensitive regions.

A central element of this approach is enhanced intelligence gathering, which restricts the freedom of asymmetric actors. Additionally, the integration of advanced technologies such as AI, unmanned systems, and electronic warfare strengthens Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. This integration significantly improves situational awareness and enables a more effective response to hybrid threats, including insurgencies, proxy wars, and disinformation campaigns, ensuring a proactive and robust defence strategy.

The Army also counters hostile narratives through community engagement and collaboration with civil agencies, promoting regional stability and supporting military operations. As hybrid threats evolve, the Army continuously recalibrates its strategies, ensuring a robust and proactive response. By blending conventional strength, cutting-edge technology, and strategic partnerships, the Army remains capable of maintaining stability and countering hybrid threats in critical regions.